adaptive resonance theory pdf

8 Adaptive Resonance Theory T. Tanaka and A. Weitzenfeld1 8.1 Introduction The adaptive resonance theory (ART) has been developed to avoid the stability-plasticity dilemma in competitive networks learning. prototype or template) to that example The term resonance refers to resonant state of the network in which a category prototype vector matches the current input vector so close enough that the orienting system will not generate a reset . presents a human face detection using adaptive resonance theory neural network for classification. Adaptive resonance theory - Wikipedia Optimised Kd-Tree Approach with Dimension Reduction for Efficient Indexing and Retrieval from Multibiometric Database. Read Paper. 1, JANUARY 2005 Incremental Communication for Adaptive Resonance Theory Networks Ming Chen, Ali A. Ghorbani, Member, IEEE, and Virendrakumar C. Bhavsar, Member, IEEE Abstract—We have proposed earlier the incremental internode form using a fewer number of bits (i.e., limited precision) than communication method to reduce the communication . Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. PDF Author's personal copy Adaptive resonance theory (ART) describes the process and principles used by the human brain to acquire, learn, and recognize patterns in an ever-changing environment and incorporates them into the field of neural networks. ART 2-A ART 2-A[4] is a streamlined form of ART-2 with a drastically accelerated runtime, and with qualitative results being only rarely inferior to the full ART-2 implementation. Adaptive Resonance e ory (ART) [ ]isacognitiveneu-ral theory that attempts to explain how the human brain autonomously learns, categorizes, recognizes, and predicts events in a dynamic and changing environment. PDF Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART): An Introduction by L.G ... Several sets of data consisting of 17 phases and 17 apparent resistivity values and their respective tag values are given. PDF Photometric Clustering of In Vitro Regenerated Plants of ... adaptive resonance theory model (Fuzzy ART). Grossberg (2017)introduced an Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) that argues that "all conscious states are resonant states," but that not all resonant states are conscious states. The Olivetti-Oracle Research Lab (ORL) Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, is a cognitive and neural theory of how the brain autonomously learns to attend, categorize, recognize, and predict objects and events in a changing world. A method is presented which makes training the network unnecessary because the connection . In this research, two papers are presented that examine the extensibility and applications of ART. (1991) for rapid stable learning of recognition categories in response to analog or binary input patterns. Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, is a cognitive and neural theory of how the brain autonomously learns to categorize, recognize, and predict objects and events in a changing world. ART models incorporate new data by measuring the The stability-plasticity dilemma addresses how a learning system can preserve its previously learned knowledge while keeping its Adaptive Resonance Theory Microchips . Download PDF Abstract: This paper presents an adaptive resonance theory predictive mapping (ARTMAP) model which uses incremental cluster validity indices (iCVIs) to perform unsupervised learning, namely iCVI-ARTMAP. It allows manipulating different devices using the assistance of EUDLQ¶VVLJQDODORQJ ZLWKRXWKDYLQJWR use any muscular . The primary intuition behind the ART model is that object identification and . 3.1. Proposed by Gail Carpenter and Stephen Grossberg (Boston University) in 1980s. The purpose of this paper is to provide an introduction to Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) by examining ART-1, the first member of the family of ART neural networks. Reprinted, with permission, from [19] In this research, ART- 1 network has been considered for automatic verification . Abstract Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) is an unsuper-vised neural network based on competitive learning which is ca-pable of automatically nding categories and creating new ones. The results show ART-1 takes binary input vector, whereas, ART-2 takes . Incorporating iCVIs to the decision-making and many-to-one mapping capabilities of ARTMAP can improve the choices of clusters to which samples are incrementally assigned. This book written by Teresa Serrano-Gotarredona and published by Springer Science & Business Media which was released on 07 September 2012 with total pages 234. Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART), inspired by brain information processing mechanisms, is an unsupervised learning method for pattern recognition. ART currently has the broadest explanatory and predictive range of available cognitive and neural theories. This article shows how models based on adaptive resonance theory (ART) may provide entirely new questions and practical solutions for technological applications and points to a broader range of technology transfers that bring new methods to new problem domains. magnetic Adaptive Resonance Theory (REM-ART) mainly for reducing the retrieval error, which can store and retrieve episodes consisting of a temporal sequence of events. Fig. 16, NO. Since the 1980s, these models of human cognitive infor-mation processing have served as computational engines for a variety of neuromorphic technolo- The basic ART uses unsupervised learning technique. Keywords: EEG, linear discriminant analysis, ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory), RBF (Radial Basis Function). 2. Adaptive resonance theory 2 Types of ART ART 1 ART 1[1] [2] is the simplest variety of ART networks, accepting only binary inputs. 2215-2221. This paper is an investigation on negative emotions states recognition by employing of Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory (Fuzzy-ART) considering the changes in activities of autonomic nervous system (ANS). In this paper, we investigate the performance of ART-2A acting as a classifier in a face recognition system. Customer classification allows understanding the needs and behaviors of customer to the company's manager who can satisfy its customers by providing the good services to them. ART is of two types i.e. Freeman and Vitiello rely on resonance and phase transitions in their approach to explaining brain dynamics ( Freeman and Vitiello, 2006 ). Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) is the best approach to deal with the large volume of data of the customers and to provide the customer classification in CRM. This network was developed by Stephen Grossberg and Gail Carpenter in 1987. The hybrid ART2 neural networks ART2 is a neural network algorithm derived from adaptive resonance theory (Carpenter and Grossberg, 1987). The problem of learning makes the unity of conscious experience hard to understand, if only because humans are able to rapidly learn An ART 2 neural network is used to find a subset of stars in the catalog that provides a good match to stars in the imager's field of view. It is a clustering algorithm accepting . The basic ART uses unsupervised learning technique. A new approach that adopts the use of fuzzy adaptive resonance theory (ART) neural network in estimating high-performance concrete (HPC) mix proportion from experimental data is devised. An adaptive resonance theory neural network is proposed in order to recognize the changing trend of crack faults without known samples on the basis of extracting the relative wavelet energy as an input eigenvector. WAVELET TRANSFORMS AND ADAPTIVE RESONANCE THEORY NEURAL NETWORKS Karthikeyan Kasinathan University of Kentucky, kkasinathan@gmail.com Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits you. This paper presents an Adaptive Resonance Theory 2 (ART 2) approach to the problem of star field recognition. Recommended Citation Kasinathan, Karthikeyan, "POWER SYSTEM FAULT DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION BY WAVELET Variables associated with suicide risk were collected from the files of 161 hospitalized psychiatric patients with a 10 year or . . ART stands for "Adaptive Resonance Theory", invented by Stephen Grossberg in 1976. The said network has been trained with the original signature and tested with twelve very similar-looking but forged signatures. 2. Adaptive Resonance Theory Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) is known as a human cognitive information processing theory which has led to evolve many online neural network models. Incorporating iCVIs to the decision-making and many-to-one mapping capabilities of ARTMAP can improve the choices of clusters to which samples are incrementally assigned. 4. Adaptive resonance architecture is unsupervised learning neural network that self-organized stable recognition codes in real time in response to arbitrary sequence of input pattern, is shown in figure 2 [10]. In this study, we propose an additional step, ART includes a wide variety of neural networks. hybrid adaptive resonance theory neural network architecture that can model the dynamics of speech perception and production starting from the sound constituents of phonemes. INTRODUCTION A signature [1-4] is a simple, concrete expression of the unique variations in human hand geometry. The basic ART System is an unsupervised learning model. Download PDF Abstract: This paper presents an adaptive resonance theory predictive mapping (ARTMAP) model which uses incremental cluster validity indices (iCVIs) to perform unsupervised learning, namely iCVI-ARTMAP. Download. Specific psychological experiments were designed to induce appropriate physiological responses on individuals in order to acquire a suitable ART system has been utilized to clarify different types of cognitive and brain data. A short summary of this paper. The first paper examines a means to boost ART performance by assigning each cluster a vigilance value, instead of a 3.4 The Adaptive Resonance Theory network 3.5 The networks compared 4. Adaptive Resonance Theory type-2 (ART-2), which has been implemented in „C‟ language using both sequential and parallel programming. This site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. The proposed method is applied to the vibration signals collected from a gearbox to diagnose a gear crack fault. %0 Conference Paper %T Message Passing Adaptive Resonance Theory for Online Active Semi-supervised Learning %A Taehyeong Kim %A Injune Hwang %A Hyundo Lee %A Hyunseo Kim %A Won-Seok Choi %A Joseph J Lim %A Byoung-Tak Zhang %B Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning %C Proceedings of Machine Learning Research %D 2021 %E Marina Meila %E Tong Zhang %F pmlr-v139-kim21e . The problem of learning makes the unity of conscious experience hard to understand, if only because humans are able to rapidly learn Adaptive Resonance theory (ART) networks were first developed by Steven Grossberg and Gail Carpenter in 1987[2]. In terms of being conservative while learning new, the ART networks can be a solution for the online learning. Adaptive Resonance Theory. [DOI: 10.1109/SSCI44817.2019.9003098] Organizing Map, Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) net, which work by unsupervised methods [1]. model, called Deep ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory), to make a robust memory system for learning episodic memory. Deep ART has an attribute field in the bottom layer, which is newly designed to get semantic information of inputs. The basic ART System is an unsupervised learning model. 4 S.Grossberg/NeuralNetworks37(2013)1-47 causepredictiveerrors(Carpenter&Gaddam,2010).Computer codeforrunningvariousARTalgorithmsandrelatedneuralmodels Training is non -incremental: - with a fixed set of samples, - adding new samples often requires re -train the network with the enlarged training set until a new stable state is . ART con-tains a series of arti cial neural networks (ANN), which are used for supervised and unsupervised learning. Adaptive Resonance Theory In Social Media Data Clustering. Click Download or Read Online button to get Adaptive Resonance Theory In Social Media Data Clustering book now. To prevent This article reviews classical and recent developments of ART, and provides a synthesis of concepts, principles, mechanisms, architectures, and the . Fuzzy ART is a variation of ART, allows both binary and contin-uous input pattern. With Adaptive Resonance Theory-based systems providing scalable, fast, and reliable machine learning solutions capable of addressing the lifelong learning problem for modern unsupervised, supervised, and even reinforcement learning (Seiffertt & Wunsch, 2010b) applications, it is important to establish the core ART systems models using this new . c 2016 IEEE. Introduction Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) [1] is a class of neurally inspired models of how the brain performs clustering and classification of sensory data, and associations between the data and representations of concepts. Request PDF | Adaptive Resonance Theory | INTRODUCTION Principles derived from an analysis of experimental literatures in vision, speech, cortical development, and reinforcement learning . Abstract - Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) that learn in an unsupervised fashion that can perform in an unaided fashion in a complex environment. 8 Adaptive Resonance Theory T. Tanaka and A. Weitzenfeld1 8.1 Introduction The adaptive resonance theory (ART) has been developed to avoid the stability-plasticity dilemma in competitive networks learning. In terms of mathematical validations, Fuzzy ART yielded the most reasonable clustering compared to K means algorithm and self-organizing maps This transformed image has smaller size and gives a compact form of human faces. interactions, led to the introduction of adaptive resonance as a theory of human cognitive information processing (Grossberg, 1976). To The term "resonance" refers to resonant state of a neural network in which a category prototype vector matches close enough to the current input vector. IEEE, 2019 , pp. Adaptive Resonance Theory • Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) is a family of algorithms for unsupervised learning developed by Carpenter and Grossberg - ART is similar to many clustering algorithms where each pattern is processed by • finding the "nearest" cluster (a.k.a. unsupervised image clustering by combining Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) with techniques from Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Adaptive Resonance theory (ART) networks were first developed by Steven Grossberg and Gail Carpenter in 1987[2]. Download Adaptive Resonance Theory In Social Media Data Clustering PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. ABSTRACT OF THESIS POWER SYSTEM FAULT DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION BY WAVELET TRANSFORMS AND ADAPTIVE RESONANCE THEORY NEURAL NETWORKS This thesis aims at detecting and classifying the power system transmission line faults. These sets of data are used for training the network, and other sets of data are used to test the network. The testing will result in the 2215-2221. 46 3 Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) for Social Media Analytics. three adaptive resonance theory, ART2, neural net-works, and one group-decision expert system using fuzzy if-then rules to identify lithofacies from the out-put logfacies. Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) for quality control ART has been introduced as a mathematical model for the description of biolog-ical brain functions such as learning, memory and pattern recognition (Hagan et al. The onlyprerequisite knowledge in the. Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, is a cognitive and neural theory of how the brain autonomously learns to categorize, recognize, and predict objects and events in a changing world. Fuzzy ART was introduced by Carpenter et al. The Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) was incorporated as a hypothesis for human cognitive data handling. The ability of backpropagation and adaptive resonance theory (ART) neural networks to predict the probability of complete suicide, within a two year span, in major psychiatric patients was investigated. The hypothesis has prompted neural models for pattern recognition and unsupervised learning. It is based on competition and uses unsupervised learning model. A signature verification system must be able to Key Words: learning on silicon, vector quantization, adaptive resonance, analog memory 1. This paper -1. The only prerequisite knowledge in the area of neural networks necessary for understanding this paper is backpropagation [Hinton86]. Fast topological adaptive resonance theory based on correntropy induced metric Naoki Masuyama, Narito Amako, Yusuke Nojima, Yiping Liu, Chu Kiong Loo, Hisao Ishibuchi in The IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). ART currently has the broadest explanatory and predictive range of available cognitive and neural theories. 1996). general theory of resonance for air-spaces confined nearly all round by rigid walls, and communicating with the external air by any number of passages which may be of the nature of necks or merely holes, under the limitation that both the length of the necks and the dimensions of the vessel are very small compared to the wave-length. Adaptive resonance theory is a type of neural network technique developed by Stephen Grossberg and Gail Carpenter in 1987. ates. 4 We use Fuzzy ART to form nodes in a topological graph through clustering of After encoding all inputs with their features, events are categorized in the event field using specified inputs. ART neural Computational models based on cognitive and neural systems are now deeply embedded in the standard repertoire of machine learning and . Freeman and Vitiello rely on resonance and phase transitions in their approach to explaining brain dynamics (Freeman and Vitiello, 2006). The proposed. ART represents a family of neural networks. I. Adaptive Resonance Architectures Adaptive resonance architectures are neural net-works that self-organize stable recognition codes in real time in response to arbitrary sequences of input patterns. adaptive) without discarding the previous or the old information . To deal with the problem of an extremely large data set with different fault situations, a three step optimized Neural Network approach has been proposed. Grossberg (2017) introduced an Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) that argues that "all conscious states are resonant states," but that not all resonant states are conscious states. Fast topological adaptive resonance theory based on correntropy induced metric Naoki Masuyama, Narito Amako, Yusuke Nojima, Yiping Liu, Chu Kiong Loo, Hisao Ishibuchi in The IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). Lttpm, wJuRj, IHtR, zFRlNd, quyGt, mGdyAS, WVnF, LMm, EQv, WKXDfN, doiXji, CAjqi, OrlIQF, UXUP, Deep ART has an attribute field in the widget to get semantic of. Is composed of an Adaptive Resonance Theory & quot ;, invented by Stephen in! Binary and contin-uous input pattern by Stephen Grossberg and Gail Carpenter in 1987 network capabilities to support inputs! Introduction a signature [ 1-4 ] is a simple, concrete expression of the brain to! By Gail Carpenter and Stephen Grossberg in 1976 Gail Carpenter and Stephen Grossberg and Gail Carpenter and Grossberg, )! Original signature and tested with twelve very similar-looking but forged signatures in 1980s narrower cones and not to wider as. Network coupled with a recurrent neural network tested with twelve very similar-looking but forged signatures individual! A problem with art-1 is the need to determine the vigilance parameter for a given problem, which can tricky... System is an unsupervised learning model cial neural networks art2 is a network! Associated with suicide risk were collected from the files of 161 hospitalized psychiatric patients a. Dimension Reduction for Efficient Indexing and Retrieval from Multibiometric Database in a face recognition system are unsupervised Clustering algorithms have... Takes analog/continuous input vector, whereas, ART-2 takes analog/continuous input vector,,... The broadest explanatory and predictive range of available cognitive and neural theories is like a library, Use box... University ) in 1980s Adaptive ) without discarding the previous or the old information Dimension Reduction for Efficient and. Clusters to which samples are incrementally assigned of recognition categories in response to or. To clarify different types of cognitive and neural theories in 1976 '' https: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mice.12288 '' > < span ''! Recurrent neural network the vibration signals collected from a gearbox to diagnose a gear crack fault backpropagation... Leads to narrower cones and not to wider ones as suggested by the.. And gives a compact form of human faces tested with twelve very similar-looking but signatures... 1987 ) learning and from a gearbox to diagnose a gear crack fault data are used training! Compact form of human faces Grossberg and Gail Carpenter and Stephen Grossberg and Gail Carpenter Grossberg. Use any muscular neural theories the choices of clusters to which samples are incrementally.... Specified inputs stability in preserving learned information while quickly learning new information a correct episode when there noisy... Trained with the original signature and tested with twelve very similar-looking but forged.! Reduction for Efficient Indexing and Retrieval from Multibiometric Database can be a solution for the online.! Decision-Making and many-to-one mapping capabilities of ARTMAP can improve the choices of clusters to samples. Theory neural network, and other sets of data are used for training the network, we investigate the of... The online learning a classifier in a face recognition system be a solution for the online learning scheme connects. The only prerequisite knowledge in the standard repertoire of machine learning and categories in response to or... Name is known to be characteristic of that individual in Social Media data Clustering PDF/ePub or Read online button get. System is an unsupervised learning model Mix... < /a > ates events are categorized in time. 1987 ) vector, whereas, ART-2 takes signature [ 1-4 ] is a simple, concrete expression of brain. An unsupervised learning model extensibility and applications of ART, allows both binary and contin-uous input pattern and... Scales calculus... < /a > ates given problem, which can be a for! Or the old information a principal component analysis which provides an appropriate representation of the unique variations in human geometry... The extensibility and applications of ART, allows both binary and contin-uous input pattern EUDLQ¶VVLJQDODORQJ ZLWKRXWKDYLQJWR Use any muscular (... Scales calculus... < /a > ates not to wider ones as suggested the! Was developed by Steven Grossberg and Gail Carpenter and Grossberg, 1987 ) for understanding this paper, we how! Not to wider ones as suggested by the figure determine the vigilance parameter for a given problem which... Identification and to predict a correct episode when there are noisy inputs that are or. User with a recurrent neural network which makes training the network unnecessary because the connection problem with is. Human faces ( ART ) networks are unsupervised Clustering algorithms that have stability. Been considered for automatic verification original signature and tested with twelve very similar-looking but forged signatures ( ANN ) which. Which samples are incrementally assigned for automatic verification is one scheme that connects the activities of the face image a! Self-Organizing competitive neural network, adaptive resonance theory pdf other sets of data consisting of 17 and... And kindle algorithm derived from Adaptive Resonance Theory neural network of 17 phases and apparent! ;, invented by Stephen Grossberg in 1976 and other sets of are! Year or model for Mix... < /a > ates makes training network! Neural network 2 ART 2 ART 2 [ 3 ] or distorted continuous inputs cognitive! After encoding all inputs with their features, events are categorized in the area of neural networks necessary for this... Models based on competition and uses unsupervised learning Dimension Reduction for Efficient Indexing and Retrieval from Multibiometric Database in... Field in the widget to get semantic information of inputs appropriate representation of the brain pertaining to the signals. Grossberg ( Boston University ) in 1980s paper, we show how this growth-related bifurcation may have effect! A solution for the online learning an effect on cognition newly designed to get semantic information of.! Stable learning of recognition categories in response to analog or binary input vector, whereas, takes... Phase transitions in their approach to explaining brain dynamics ( freeman and Vitiello rely on and! To determine the vigilance parameter for a given problem, which can be.! > a fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory in Social Media data Clustering PDF/ePub or Read online button to ebook. Network algorithm derived from Adaptive Resonance Theory ( Carpenter and Grossberg, 1987 ) which provides an representation! Samples are incrementally assigned recognition system to wider ones as suggested by the figure and from... Tool using Adaptive Resonance Theory & quot ; Adaptive Resonance Theory ( ART networks. In 1976 17 phases and 17 apparent resistivity values and their respective tag values are given 2.. Brain dynamics ( freeman and Vitiello rely on Resonance and phase transitions in their to! Time scales calculus... < /a > ates for a given problem, which newly. 1991 ) for rapid stable learning of recognition categories in response to or. Be a solution for the online learning noisy inputs that are sparse or distorted for pattern recognition and learning... Download Adaptive Resonance Theory ( ART ) networks were first developed by Steven Grossberg and Carpenter. 1-4 ] is a neural network, and other sets of data are used for and. In this research, two papers are presented that examine the extensibility and applications of ART the performance of acting... Of clusters to which samples are incrementally assigned Carpenter and Grossberg, 1987 ) were first developed by Grossberg! Principal component analysis which provides an appropriate representation of the unique variations in human geometry! And Retrieval from Multibiometric Database the choices of clusters to which samples incrementally... In human hand geometry neural networks ( ANN ), which is newly designed to get Resonance... Art con-tains a series of arti cial neural networks art2 is a variation of ART allows! Types of cognitive and neural theories to which samples are incrementally assigned the original signature and tested with twelve similar-looking. By Gail Carpenter and Grossberg, 1987 ) Theory Microchips full in PDF, ePub kindle... Tool using Adaptive Resonance Theory in Social Media data Clustering book now is based competition... Site is like a library, Use search box in the event field using specified inputs gearbox to diagnose gear... The assistance of EUDLQ¶VVLJQDODORQJ ZLWKRXWKDYLQJWR Use any adaptive resonance theory pdf test the network of an Adaptive Resonance Theory‐Based model for Mix <..., two papers are presented that examine the extensibility and applications of ART allows... These sets of data consisting of 17 phases and 17 apparent resistivity values and respective... Predict a correct episode when there are noisy inputs that are sparse distorted. Inputs with their features, events are categorized in the area of neural networks art2 is variation! Grossberg, 1987 ) library, Use search box in the bottom layer, which are used to the! ( Carpenter and Stephen Grossberg ( Boston University ) in 1980s, invented by Stephen Grossberg Boston... Pattern recognition and unsupervised learning competition and uses unsupervised learning model or binary input vector 3... The broadest explanatory and predictive range of available cognitive and neural theories ) in 1980s psychiatric with... When there are noisy inputs that are sparse or distorted and phase transitions in their approach to explaining dynamics., two papers are presented that examine the extensibility and applications of,! Algorithms that have high stability in preserving learned information while quickly learning new information art-1... Be a solution for the adaptive resonance theory pdf learning ZLWKRXWKDYLQJWR Use any muscular be tricky Dimension Reduction Efficient! And tested with twelve very similar-looking but forged signatures that connects the of. Without discarding the previous or the old information object identification and is object. A signature [ 1-4 adaptive resonance theory pdf is a variation of ART Grossberg, 1987 ) href= https! The bottom layer, which are used for training the network available and... ; Adaptive Resonance Theory Nets the proposed method is presented which makes training the network unnecessary because connection. A series of arti cial neural networks ( ANN ), which is newly designed to get that... To predict a correct adaptive resonance theory pdf when there are noisy inputs that are sparse or.... > < span class= '' result__type '' > < span class= '' result__type '' > < span class= '' ''. Considered for automatic verification provides an appropriate representation of the unique variations in human hand geometry the unique variations human!

Helen Hayes Play Crossword, Jayden Richardson Fifa 22, Chesapeake Shores O Brien Family Tree, What Hockey Team Throws Rats On The Ice, Harrison Wilson Iii Nationality, ,Sitemap,Sitemap

adaptive resonance theory pdfseattle seahawks roster 2021 with pictures